1. Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature for Reporting Clinical Data: Results of the First International Workshop

This landmark international workshop standardized terminology and inflammation grading in uveitis research. The SUN criteria established definitions for anatomical classification, inflammation grading (anterior chamber cells, vitreous haze), and clinical outcomes (inactivity, improvement, worsening), enhancing consistency and comparability in clinical uveitis research​.

1. A Focus on the Epidemiology of Uveitis

This epidemiologic review summarizes the incidence, prevalence, and etiologic factors of uveitis globally, emphasizing variations due to geography, socioeconomic factors, and genetic influences. Knowledge of local epidemiologic patterns assists clinicians in tailoring diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies​.

1. ACUTE SYPHILITIC POSTERIOR PLACOID CHORIORETINITIS: Report of a Case Series and Comprehensive Review of the Literature

This case series and comprehensive review describe ASPPC as a rare but clinically distinct presentation of ocular syphilis characterized by yellowish placoid macular lesions and specific fluorescein angiographic features. Recognition is crucial for early diagnosis, prompt antibiotic treatment, and screening for HIV coinfection, significantly impacting visual outcomes​.

2. Results of Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS) Workshop

The Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS) is a multinational initiative aimed at improving the diagnosis and management of ocular tuberculosis. Through retrospective analyses and expert consensus methods, COTS has characterized clinical phenotypes (such as tubercular retinal vasculitis, choroiditis, and multifocal choroiditis), identified risk factors for treatment failure, and established comprehensive guidelines for initiating antitubercular therapy. The recommendations standardize clinical practice, aid clinicians globally, and highlight the importance of targeted therapy in improving patient outcomes in tubercular uveitis.

2. • Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients With Tubercular Uveitis Treated With Antitubercular Therapy

   • Guidelines for Initiating Antitubercular Therapy in Tubercular Choroiditis

   • Guidelines for Initiating Antitubercular Therapy in Anterior Uveitis, Intermediate Uveitis, Panuveitis, and Retinal Vasculitis

3. Classification Criteria for Tubercular Uveitis

This international study developed standardized criteria for diagnosing tubercular uveitis using machine learning, significantly reducing misclassification rates among various infectious and noninfectious uveitides. Key diagnostic criteria include specific clinical presentations (e.g., serpiginous-like choroiditis, occlusive retinal vasculitis) alongside positive TB-specific testing. These standardized criteria are essential for reliable diagnosis in clinical research and improving global consistency in managing ocular tuberculosis​

4. Acute retinal necrosis in the United Kingdom: results of a prospective surveillance study

This study reported an ARN incidence of 0.63 cases per million annually in the UK. ARN typically results from herpes viruses (VZV and HSV) and frequently leads to severe visual impairment despite antiviral therapy. It underscores the importance of early diagnosis, aggressive antiviral treatment, and patient awareness regarding visual symptoms, particularly in those with previous CNS herpes infections​

5. Serologic and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Intraocular Fluids in the Diagnosis of Infectious Uveitis

This study emphasizes PCR's superiority for diagnosing viral uveitis (e.g., CMV in AIDS patients) and highlights the complementary value of PCR and local antibody testing for toxoplasmosis diagnosis. These diagnostic methods significantly enhance rapid and accurate pathogen identification, enabling early targeted treatment​

1. Demystifying Ocular Syphilis - A Major Review

This extensive review clarifies the clinical spectrum, diagnostic challenges, and recommended management of ocular syphilis. Given the resurgence of syphilis globally, ophthalmologists must recognize this condition's varied presentations and initiate prompt systemic antibiotic therapy to prevent severe visual loss​

2. Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Past, present and new aspects of an old disease

This comprehensive review highlights ocular toxoplasmosis as the most common infectious posterior uveitis, detailing the clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, and management strategies. It emphasizes the significance of genetic and environmental factors and advocates for future research to improve therapies and diagnostic tools​

3. Clinical Features of CMV-Associated Anterior Uveitis

This review delineates clinical features of CMV anterior uveitis, typically presenting as Posner-Schlossman syndrome (acute form) or Fuchs' uveitis-like syndrome (chronic form), highlighting characteristic iris stromal atrophy, raised intraocular pressure, and potential corneal endothelial involvement. Recognition facilitates targeted antiviral treatment and glaucoma management​

1. Birdshot retinochoroidopathy: ocular complications and visual impairment

This study reveals that birdshot retinochoroidopathy frequently leads to severe visual impairment, especially with late presentation, and highlights cystoid macular edema as a key complication. Long-term immunosuppressive treatment significantly reduces the risk of these vision-threatening complications, emphasizing the importance of timely recognition and sustained management​

2. Revised criteria of International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS) for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis

The International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS) presents revised diagnostic criteria emphasizing a combination of specific clinical ocular signs and supportive systemic investigations. These standardized criteria enhance diagnostic accuracy, enabling timely initiation of appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy​

3. Blau Syndrome–Associated Uveitis: Preliminary Results From an International Prospective Interventional Case Series

This international, prospective interventional case series characterizes Blau syndrome-associated uveitis as a severe, bilateral panuveitis with multifocal choroiditis, leading to significant ocular morbidity despite aggressive systemic immunomodulation, thus emphasizing the critical need for multidisciplinary care to improve visual outcomes​

4. Enhanced Recognition, Treatment, and Prognosis of Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome

This large retrospective case series found that TINU syndrome accounts for a significant proportion (10-32%) of patients presenting with bilateral sudden-onset anterior uveitis, especially younger patients. Recognition of TINU is essential due to its implications for both ocular and renal management, despite typically excellent visual and renal outcomes​

5. Multiple sclerosis-associated uveitis

This retrospective study characterized uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) as frequently bilateral, granulomatous, and predominantly manifesting as pars planitis. It underscores the importance of ophthalmologists recognizing this association to initiate timely evaluation and treatment, significantly preserving long-term visual outcomes​

6. Frequency of Distinguishing Clinical Features in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

This comparative series emphasized key clinical features distinguishing VKH disease from other bilateral uveitic conditions, notably the presence of "sunset glow fundus" in chronic disease and choroidal involvement in acute disease. Accurate diagnosis is critical, as early immunosuppressive therapy can prevent significant ocular complications​

1. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

This extensive review describes VKH disease as an autoimmune, melanocyte-targeted disorder manifesting with bilateral granulomatous uveitis, serous retinal detachments, and characteristic sunset glow fundus. It highlights modern imaging tools for early diagnosis and aggressive use of corticosteroids and immunomodulators to preserve vision and avoid chronic complications​

2. Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27

This comprehensive review highlights acute anterior uveitis associated with HLA-B27 as the most common form of anterior uveitis in Western populations, describing its recurrent nature and frequent association with systemic inflammatory diseases (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis). 

3. Behçet’s Disease: Ocular effects and treatment

This review emphasizes the severe nature of Behçet's disease-associated ocular inflammation (occlusive retinal vasculitis and panuveitis), its strong genetic association (HLA-B51), and outlines recent advances, including biologics such as interferon-alpha and TNF-alpha inhibitors, which markedly improve visual prognosis​

4. Update on Fuchs' uveitis syndrome

This review summarizes advances in diagnosing and managing Fuchs' uveitis syndrome, noting the strong association with rubella virus. It highlights the excellent visual outcomes achievable with modern cataract surgery techniques, though glaucoma remains a challenging complication requiring vigilant screening and treatment due to resistance to standard therapy​

5. Placoid lesions of the retina: progress in multimodal imaging and clinical perspective

This comprehensive review highlights the utility of multimodal imaging in diagnosing retinal placoid lesions, including APMPPE, serpiginous choroiditis, and acute syphilitic chorioretinitis. A systematic approach to diagnosis and differentiation between infectious and noninfectious causes is recommended to improve clinical management of these challenging retinal diseases​

6. Spectrum of Imaging Characteristics of Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

This review article discusses the broad spectrum of imaging findings in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy (BSCR), a chronic bilateral posterior uveitis strongly associated with the HLA-A29 allele. Multimodal imaging, including OCT, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography, is essential in diagnosing BSCR, monitoring disease progression, and identifying key markers of disease activity such as choroidal infiltration, ellipsoid zone disruption, retinal vasculitis, and cystoid macular edema. Recognizing both typical and atypical imaging features is critical for timely diagnosis, accurate disease monitoring, and effective treatment to prevent severe visual impairment and irreversible retinal damage​

1. Adalimumab plus Methotrexate for Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

The SYCAMORE trial demonstrated that adding adalimumab to methotrexate significantly reduced the rate of uveitis-related treatment failures in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis compared to placebo. Despite increased adverse events, this combination therapy significantly improves inflammatory control and is critical in managing severe pediatric uveitis cases​

2. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis: Incidence of Ocular Complications and Visual Acuity Loss

This study documented high rates of ocular complications and significant vision loss in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Risk factors for poor outcomes include posterior synechiae, anterior chamber flare, and abnormal intraocular pressure. Immunosuppressive therapy significantly reduced the risk of severe ocular complications and blindness​

3. Pars Planitis: A 20-Year Study of Incidence, Clinical Features, and Outcomes

This population-based, 20-year retrospective study characterized pars planitis (a subset of idiopathic intermediate uveitis), reporting an annual incidence of approximately 2 per 100,000 persons. Although many patients maintain good visual outcomes without therapy, common complications such as epiretinal membrane, cataract, and cystoid macular edema can lead to significant vision loss

4. Epidemiology and Course of Disease in Childhood Uveitis

This retrospective study showed that pediatric uveitis frequently results in significant visual impairment, particularly with complications like cystoid macular edema and hypotony. Early diagnosis, aggressive management, and understanding disease characteristics specific to children are crucial to improving visual outcomes in pediatric uveitis​

1. New and Updated Recommendations for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Uveitis and Idiopathic Chronic Anterior Uveitis

These updated consensus recommendations emphasize evidence-based use of biologics (particularly adalimumab) for juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (JIAU) and idiopathic chronic anterior uveitis (CAU). These guidelines support clinicians in treatment decisions aimed at reducing ocular complications and preserving vision in pediatric populations​

2. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome in Pediatric Patients

This comprehensive review article provides an updated overview of TINU syndrome, a challenging clinical entity predominantly affecting pediatric patients. TINU is characterized by bilateral anterior uveitis and renal inflammation, though posterior segment manifestations and asymptomatic presentations are increasingly recognized. The article emphasizes the evolving diagnostic criteria, genetic associations (especially HLA alleles), and importance of early recognition to improve ocular and renal outcomes.

1. Episcleritis and Scleritis: Clinical Features and Treatment Results

This retrospective study highlighted key distinctions between episcleritis and scleritis, emphasizing the severity and complications of scleritis. While episcleritis was mild, self-limiting, and rarely associated with visual impairment, scleritis was frequently associated with systemic diseases and significant ocular complications, often requiring systemic immunosuppressive therapy.

1. Scleritis

This comprehensive review provides detailed insights into the clinical presentation, diagnosis, systemic associations, and management of scleritis, a severe inflammatory disease that poses significant threats to vision. It stresses the importance of distinguishing scleritis from episcleritis based on clinical signs, appropriate diagnostic testing, and timely initiation of systemic anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive treatments. Recognizing systemic associations and potential infectious etiologies is critical for effective management and preservation of ocular integrity and function​

1. VISUAL Clinical Trial

The landmark VISUAL I and VISUAL II randomized clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, a TNF-alpha inhibitor, in patients with noninfectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis. VISUAL I confirmed adalimumab significantly reduced inflammatory flares and vision loss in patients with active disease, while VISUAL II showed adalimumab effectively prevented disease recurrence and extended remission in patients with inactive disease after corticosteroid tapering. Together, these trials established adalimumab as a cornerstone corticosteroid-sparing therapy for long-term control of uveitic inflammation and preservation of visual function

1. • Adalimumab in Patients with Active Noninfectious Uveitis

   • Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids

2. Effect of a Fluocinolone Acetonide Insert on Recurrence Rates in Noninfectious Intermediate, Posterior, or Panuveitis

This 3-year prospective trial demonstrated that the 0.18 mg fluocinolone acetonide insert significantly reduced recurrence rates, delayed recurrence onset, and reduced the need for adjunctive treatments compared to sham therapy in noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis. Its use, however, resulted in a higher incidence of cataract surgery, though intraocular pressure complications were manageable​

3. Periocular Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Uveitic Macular Edema

The POINT trial showed intravitreal dexamethasone implants and intravitreal triamcinolone were both superior to periocular triamcinolone in reducing uveitic macular edema and improving visual acuity. Intravitreal treatments had higher risks of intraocular pressure elevation, highlighting the trade-offs between effectiveness and adverse effects​

4. Periocular Corticosteroid Injections in Uveitis: Effects and Complications

In this large retrospective study, periocular corticosteroid injections effectively controlled inflammation and improved visual acuity in a significant proportion of patients with uveitis. However, they were associated with substantial rates of ocular hypertension and cataract formation, emphasizing the importance of monitoring for steroid-related complications​

5. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Noninfectious Intermediate or Posterior Uveitis

A single dexamethasone intravitreal implant significantly reduced vitreous haze and improved visual acuity in patients with noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis, with therapeutic effects lasting up to 6 months.

6. The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial

This trial compared systemic anti-inflammatory therapy (corticosteroids plus immunosuppressants) with 0.59 mg fluocinolone acetonide implants in patients with intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis, finding similar visual outcomes at 24 months. However, at the 7-year follow-up, systemic therapy demonstrated superior long-term visual acuity outcomes compared to fluocinolone implants. Implant-treated patients experienced higher rates of cataract and glaucoma requiring surgical intervention.

6. • Randomized Comparison of Systemic Anti-inflammatory Therapy Versus Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant for Intermediate, Posterior, and Panuveitis

   • Association Between Long-Lasting Intravitreous Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant vs Systemic Anti-inflammatory Therapy and Visual Acuity at 7 Years Among Patients With Intermediate, Posterior, or Panuveitis

7. Primary (Month-6) Outcomes of the STOP-Uveitis Study: Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients With Noninfectious Uveitis

This randomized trial demonstrates that intravenous Tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor) significantly reduces vitreous haze and macular edema, improving visual acuity in patients with noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis

8. Effect of Corticosteroid-Sparing Treatment With Mycophenolate Mofetil vs Methotrexate on Inflammation in Patients With Uveitis

The FAST trial compared methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil in corticosteroid-sparing control of uveitis, showing no overall significant difference

9. Filgotinib in Active Noninfectious Uveitis

The phase 2 HUMBOLDT trial showed that filgotinib significantly reduced the risk of uveitis treatment failure compared to placebo. Despite early trial termination unrelated to safety, filgotinib emerged as a promising new JAK1 inhibitor option for controlling noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis​

10. Use of Immunosuppression and the Risk of Subsequent Overall or Cancer Mortality

This large retrospective cohort study reported no increased overall or cancer-related mortality associated with commonly used immunosuppressants, including methotrexate, mycophenolate, azathioprine, adalimumab, and infliximab. The findings suggest these medications can be safely used long-term for uveitis without substantially increasing mortality risk​

1. Expert Panel Recommendations for the Use of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Biologic Agents in Patients with Ocular Inflammatory Disorders

This expert consensus provides guidelines on using anti-TNF biologics (infliximab and adalimumab) for treating severe ocular inflammatory conditions. It strongly recommends these agents as first-line therapies for ocular Behçet’s disease and second-line treatments for other refractory ocular inflammatory diseases, underscoring their significant role in reducing inflammation and preserving vision​

2. Suprachoroidally injected pharmacological agents for the treatment of chorio-retinal diseases: a targeted approach

This review examines the suprachoroidal space (SCS) as an emerging route for drug delivery, offering targeted treatment for posterior segment diseases with fewer side effects than intravitreal injections. Early results demonstrate effectiveness in uveitis and macular edema treatment, reducing risks associated with corticosteroids like cataracts and elevated IOP​

3. Ophthalmic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: the Mayo Clinic experience

This retrospective study of nearly 1000 patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) highlights rare but important ophthalmic immune-related adverse effects. The majority of ocular events (e.g., uveitis, ocular surface disease) can be managed without discontinuing ICIs, allowing patients to continue life-prolonging cancer therapies safely​

4. OCULAR ADVERSE EVENTS ASSOCIATED with MEK INHIBITORS

MEK inhibitors, used in metastatic melanoma treatment, cause ocular adverse events (OAEs) in up to 90% of cases. The review outlines MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy (MEKAR), typically mild and reversible, underscoring the need for ophthalmologists to recognize and manage these toxicities to avoid permanent vision loss while maintaining systemic cancer treatment

5. Guidance on Noncorticosteroid Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Noninfectious Uveitis

This international consensus provides systematic, evidence-based recommendations for initiating, monitoring, and discontinuing non-corticosteroid systemic immunomodulatory therapies (including biologics) in noninfectious uveitis (NIU). It supports individualized treatment, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration for optimal patient outcomes​

1. Potential Diagnosis of Vitreoretinal Lymphoma by Detection of MYD88 Mutation in Aqueous Humor With Ultrasensitive Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Detection of the MYD88 L265P mutation using droplet digital PCR in aqueous humor provided a highly specific and minimally invasive diagnostic method for vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL). This molecular diagnostic approach significantly improves the accuracy and safety of diagnosing VRL, facilitating earlier and more effective interventions​

2. Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitides at Diagnosis: A Retrospective Study of 1286 Patients and Review of the Literature

This large retrospective review found that ophthalmologic manifestations occurred in 16.6% of systemic necrotizing vasculitis patients, notably more common in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)

1. Uveitis masquerade syndromes: An approach to diagnosis

This review provides a systematic approach for recognizing masquerade syndromes—conditions mimicking uveitis but resistant to anti-inflammatory treatments. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to avoid inappropriate therapies and potential morbidity, with VRL and neoplasms being particularly significant causes of masquerade syndromes​

2. Multimodal Imaging of Vitreo-Retinal Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review

This review highlights the use of multimodal imaging for diagnosing vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL), a challenging masquerade syndrome. It emphasizes the importance of imaging tools (e.g., OCT, fluorescein angiography) in early diagnosis, differentiating VRL from other inflammatory conditions, and guiding biopsy decisions, thereby improving early recognition and treatment outcomes​